Deadlifting should preferably be done during the beginning of your back workout because its far the most exhausting lift and you should never do it last. It’s also possible to use it on leg day, but although it does work your legs, its not a replacement for squats. Squats vs Deadlifts (NSFW)
Deadlifting is usually with a range of about 5 reps and 5 sets.  If 5 reps doesn’t get you tired, add more weight.

There are many compound lift routines out there, here are just some of them:

Mark Rippetoes Starting Strength

Mark Rippetoes is the guru of compound lifts and many beginners have had a lot of success with his beginner routine. Although it doesn’t emphasize deadlifting as much as we’d like to, we can’t really argue with the man.

Nice stache Mark.

Workout A
3×5 Squat
3×5 Bench Press
1×5 Deadlift
Workout B
3×5 Squat
3×5 Press
5×3 Power cleans
Week 1:
Monday – Workout A
Wednesday -Workout B
Friday – Workout A
Week 2:
Monday – Workout B
Wednesday – Workout A
Friday – Workout B
There’s a great write up for Rippetoes here:
Rippetoes on Bodybuilding.com Forum

StrongLifts 5×5 is a similar program but with higher volume and it starts you off with just the bar whereas Rippetoes starts you off with weight on the bar.

Workout A
Squat 5×5
Bench Press 5×5
Inverted Rows 3xFailure
Pushups 3xFailures
Reverse Crunch 3×12
Workout B
Squat 5×5
Overhead Press 5×5
Deadlift 1×5
Pull-ups/Chin-ups 3xF
Planks 3×30
Alternate workout A & B, rest a few days between each workout. Stronglifts.com has a great explanation for their program along with explanations for all the exercises.

You don’t have to do a 5×5 workout to use the deadlift. Incorporate it into your workout whichever way it works best for you. Your workout doesn’t need to consist primarily of compound lifts either but if you’re a beginner, they are better since they target all muscles and you might not be experienced enough to isolate muscles effectively on your own.